Deep Reinforcement Learning for Optimum Order Execution: Mitigating Risk and Maximizing Returns

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Deep Reinforcement Learning for Optimum Order Execution: Mitigating Risk and Maximizing Returns

Khabbab Zakaria
Jayapaulraj Jerinsh
Andreas Maier
Patrick Krauss
Stefano Pasquali
Dhagash Mehta
Published on 1/8/2026
United States (US)
Reinforcement learning
Risk management
Machine learning

This paper introduces a novel Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approach to the classic problem of optimal order execution in financial markets. The goal is to execute a trade of a given volume within a specified time frame while maximizing returns and minimizing risk. Unlike prior work that often focuses on one objective, this method tackles both simultaneously. The DRL agent learns a policy that dynamically adjusts execution decisions based on market conditions. The model is tested on US market data and compared against two common benchmarks: Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP) and Time Weighted Average Price (TWAP). Experimental results show that the DRL approach significantly outperforms both benchmarks in terms of return on investment and risk management. Notably, the model maintains robust performance even during periods of market stress, demonstrating its adaptability and potential as a practical tool for traders and financial institutions. The findings highlight the promise of reinforcement learning in complex financial decision-making problems.

Highlights

  • 1Proposes a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approach for optimal order execution that simultaneously optimizes returns and minimizes risk.
  • 2Demonstrates superior performance over traditional VWAP and TWAP strategies in the US market.
  • 3Shows dynamic adaptability to market conditions, including periods of stress.
  • 4Addresses the holistic optimization problem rather than focusing on a single aspect.

Methods

  • M
    Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for order execution policy optimization.
  • M
    Comparison with Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP) and Time Weighted Average Price (TWAP) benchmarks.
  • M
    Empirical evaluation using US market data.

Results

  • R
    DRL-based approach outperforms VWAP and TWAP in terms of return on investment.
  • R
    DRL model provides better risk management compared to traditional strategies.
  • R
    Model adapts dynamically to changing market conditions, including stress periods.
  • R
    Holistic optimization leads to superior trade execution performance.
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