Reinforcement Learning for Trade Execution with Market and Limit Orders

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Reinforcement Learning for Trade Execution with Market and Limit Orders

Patrick Cheridito
Moritz Weiss
Published on 7/8/2025
Equities
Reinforcement learning
High frequency trading
Machine learning

This paper introduces a reinforcement learning approach for optimal trade execution using both market and limit orders in a limit order book. The authors formulate the problem as a dynamic allocation task where the agent decides at each time step how to allocate its remaining inventory among market orders, limit orders at various price levels, and holding outside the book. Actions are modeled using a logistic-normal distribution over the simplex, which ensures valid allocations and allows for an efficient policy gradient derivation. The state space includes detailed market information (order book volumes, order flows, price drift) and private information (time, inventory, positions of active limit orders). The algorithm is trained in a simulated market environment with multiple agent types: noise traders submitting random orders, tactical traders reacting to order book imbalances, and a strategic trader (the algorithm itself). The simulation captures both direct market impact (from consuming liquidity) and indirect impact (from other agents reacting to the algorithm's actions). Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed reinforcement learning algorithm outperforms traditional benchmark strategies such as time-weighted average price (TWAP) and a submit-and-leave strategy, as well as an alternative reinforcement learning algorithm based on the Dirichlet distribution. The results highlight the importance of flexible order placement and cancellation, and the ability to adapt to market conditions in real time. The logistic-normal policy gradient method is general and can be applied to other dynamic allocation problems beyond trade execution.

Highlights

  • 1Novel reinforcement learning framework for optimal trade execution using logistic-normal distribution to model allocations over the simplex.
  • 2Formulation of trade execution with general state and action spaces, including detailed limit order book information and flexible order placement/cancellations.
  • 3Derivation of a policy gradient expression for the logistic-normal distribution, enabling efficient training.
  • 4Empirical outperformance over benchmark strategies (TWAP, Submit-and-Leave, Dirichlet-based RL) in simulated markets with noise traders, tactical traders, and strategic traders.

Methods

  • M
    Actor-critic policy gradient with logistic-normal distribution for action sampling on the simplex.
  • M
    State representation includes market states (order book volumes, order flows, mid-price drift) and private states (time, inventory, limit order positions).
  • M
    Action space defined as simplex fractions for market orders, limit orders at different price levels, and holding outside the book.
  • M
    Training with simulated market environment featuring noise traders, tactical traders, and strategic trader, with direct and indirect market impact.

Results

  • R
    The logistic-normal RL algorithm achieves higher average revenue per lot compared to TWAP and Submit-and-Leave benchmarks.
  • R
    Outperforms a Dirichlet-based RL algorithm, which struggles with high-dimensional action spaces.
  • R
    Manual variance scheduling (reducing covariance over time) yields better performance than learning the covariance matrix in some test cases.
  • R
    The algorithm learns to adapt order placement based on order book imbalances and market conditions, effectively managing queue positions and cancellations.
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