Market Making via Reinforcement Learning

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Market Making via Reinforcement Learning

Thomas Spooner
John Fearnley
Rahul Savani
Andreas Koukorinis
Published on 4/11/2018
Equities
Reinforcement learning
High frequency trading
Risk management

This paper presents a reinforcement learning approach to market making, a trading problem where an agent provides liquidity by quoting bid and ask prices. The authors develop a high-fidelity limit order book simulator using historical data from 10 equities across 5 venues, capturing millisecond-level updates and 5 levels of order book depth. They address past criticisms of temporal-difference (TD) learning in this domain by showing that eligibility traces (e.g., Q(λ), SARSA(λ)) effectively handle reward attribution and partial observability, unlike one-step methods that struggled in prior work. The agent uses a linear combination of tile codings (LCTC) to represent state, combining independent tile codings for agent-state (inventory, quoting distances) and market-state (spread, mid-price move, order imbalance, etc.), which accelerates learning by exploiting variable independence. A key contribution is the design of an asymmetrically dampened reward function that penalizes speculative profits from inventory appreciation while retaining losses, thereby encouraging spread capture and reducing inventory risk. The authors systematically evaluate learning algorithms (Q-learning, SARSA, R-learning, and variants), reward functions, and state representations. Their consolidated agent, using SARSA(λ) with asymmetrically dampened reward and LCTC, outperforms fixed benchmark strategies, a basic RL agent, and the online learning approach of Abernethy and Kale (2013) in out-of-sample tests across multiple stocks. The results demonstrate that TD learning with careful reward and state design can produce viable market making strategies in realistic simulated markets.

Highlights

  • 1Develops a high-fidelity limit order book simulator using historical equities data for training market making agents.
  • 2Demonstrates that eligibility traces effectively address past issues with temporal-difference learning in market making.
  • 3Proposes an asymmetrically dampened reward function that improves learning stability and risk-adjusted returns.
  • 4Introduces a linear combination of tile codings (LCTC) state representation that captures agent and market features independently.
  • 5Shows that the consolidated RL agent outperforms fixed benchmarks, basic RL agents, and an online learning approach from the literature.

Methods

  • M
    Temporal-difference reinforcement learning with eligibility traces (Q(λ), SARSA(λ), R-learning).
  • M
    Linear combination of tile codings (LCTC) for state representation, combining agent-state, market-state, and full-state tile codings.
  • M
    Custom reward functions: profit and loss (PnL), symmetrically dampened PnL, and asymmetrically dampened PnL to control inventory risk.
  • M
    High-fidelity limit order book simulation reconstructed from historical data with 5 levels of depth and millisecond precision.

Results

  • R
    Eligibility traces significantly improve learning stability and performance compared to one-step TD methods, which previously struggled.
  • R
    Asymmetrically dampened reward function yields higher and more consistent returns than standard PnL, reducing speculative behavior.
  • R
    LCTC state representation provides competitive performance with more stable learning than using agent-state or full-state alone.
  • R
    The consolidated RL agent achieves the best risk-adjusted out-of-sample performance, outperforming fixed strategies, basic RL, and the Abernethy and Kale (2013) online learning approach.
  • R
    Fixed benchmark strategies with θ > 1 are marginally profitable but suffer high volatility and poor inventory management.
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